Note: All results obtained by Búholegal come from the application of the algorithm defined by the SAT to retrieve an RFC. Note that the generated RFC is not registered with the SAT if you have not completed the operation. This information is voluntarily uploaded and published by the owner, as is done on a social network. Access to it is always available to the owner, who can correct or cancel it at any time in case he objects to it continuing to appear on the Buholegal page. The mechanism to do this is simply to enter your account with the chosen username and password and enter the “My Cedula” button. Under no circumstances will Buholegal protect, store or transfer this information to third parties, so that once deleted, removed or deleted by the owner, it will not remain in the Buholegal database. Send an email to: contacto@buholegal.com expressing that you want to take control of your professional license information as well as your username, and attach a scan of a government-issued ID (preferably an ID) to prove that you are the owner of the data you want to tamper with. The letter must be sent carefully to María Juárez, who will respond to your request within a maximum of twenty working days from the acknowledgment of receipt Buholegal`s “Name Alert” tool is like a legal insurance policy. Best of all, it`s free. To create a “name alert”, the first step is to create your free account.

Here: www.buholegal.com/registrar. The purpose of the publication of these data is purely informative and is not carried out on behalf of the Ministry of Public Education, nor does it come from the provision of public services. Buholegal as a private company, in a kind of “community service”, aims to provide this information so that people who use certain services can know if their doctor, lawyer, accountant, architect, etc. actually has this degree, as well as whether they studied in the school they own or not, thus avoiding fraud. (Art. 16, Frac. II of the LFPDPPP) The Buholegal system allows you to consult the lists of agreements and files of all federal courts in the Mexican Republic. and the common law courts of the Republic, with the exception of the states of Tlaxcala and Oaxaca. The system not only allows you to consult yourself, but also to create alerts on specific cases that notify you when there is a new agreement in those cases. With a free account, you can save up to 5 notifications per file. If you need more, you can rent one of our premium accounts.

Buholegal is not authorized to register professional titles, issue professional certificates or correct data concerning them, as this authority is legally conferred only on the Secretary of Public Education, with whom Buholegal has no relationship or dependence. A Buholegal account (free or premium) also allows you to take control of your site and enter additional professional data such as your area of expertise, work history, contact information, etc. Now you can receive the notifications you have saved on the Buholegal page directly on your mobile phone through the Telegram messaging app. (Similar to Whatsapp) Here we show you why we chose Telegram instead of Whatsapp and what its advantages are. The data that Búholegal holds in relation to professional licenses are: Buholegal has developed two APIs to automate access to our services. The first is the Records API, which allows you to create alerts and monitor judicial extensions. The second is the Legal Background API, which allows you to research and investigate the legal context of any natural or legal person. Together with the information held by Buholegal, it offers the professional licensee the opportunity to add data to the registration, such as: current position, experience, email, phone and website. This is so that they can be offered as providers of certain services, highlight their professional achievements and be contacted and hired by those who deserve their services, the proportion of these data being under the strict responsibility of the owner. Buholegal staff will allow your account to edit your page.

Buholegal offers a range of valuable legal services to the general public free of charge. For example, you can monitor up to five legal cases and receive email notifications when activity occurs in those cases. How do “name notifications” work? You can use your free account to create up to two “alerts per name” in a state. Every night, Buholegal will search through all the actions of the state (joint jurisdiction and district courts of his state) to see if there is an incident with the “name”. If we find a new case or file where your “name” appears as plaintiff, defendant or plaintiff, the system will send you an email.

Your application also requires a tree maintenance report from a certified arborist from a professional tree service company, which will earn you approximately $225 per tree. Trees on private property: Trees prescribed by private tree regulations. Before injuring, destroying or removing a tree 30 centimetres or more in diameter, measured at a height of 1.4 metres, in your front, back or side garden, you must submit an application to the local council in the area where you live. I am really grateful to estimate the cost of permits to remove a tree. The one in my front yard may be dead. It`s really stress-relieving when there are no unexpected costs you`re not prepared for. Once you`ve identified a tree you want to remove, the first step is to find a reliable arborist. Once you have identified someone, they will come to your property and inspect your tree. When the tree is ready to be removed, the arborist writes a tree maintenance report.

This is a mandatory part of the City of Toronto`s relocation permit application process. They will also provide photos, a replanting plan (see below) and any other necessary documentation. Several municipalities have issued ordinances to protect the urban forest. An approval procedure is often required. Below are some examples of tree regulations. Please contact your municipality`s forest department for an up-to-date and complete list of tree protection ordinances. But because of its “tree protection zone” – and the need to move the old driveway to allow for lateral clearance height – the city says I can only have an alley smaller than its own minimum width of 3 meters. The city wants us to have a small driveway on the road, and then behind the tree protection area we can expand it to fit the garage – although it folds a few times at the end. CRAZY! However, you may need to remove a tree that the city has not identified as dead or dangerous, or you may want to speed up the process if the city`s timelines for a removal are far into the future. Toronto generally sets the bar higher for approving the removal of street trees than trees on private property. It can be difficult to get your application approved if there are no legitimate concerns with the tree. You will need a permit to remove trees on private property if you are removing one (1) or more trees 15 cm or more in diameter, including dead and/or dying trees or ash trees.

Trees in canyons: According to Toronto`s Ravine and Natural Feature Protection By-law, landowners must apply for a permit next to or inside a canyon sanctuary before doing any work that involves injuring or removing a tree, placing or throwing embankments or debris, such as garden debris. modify the existing topography or slope of the land. or a new or replacement building or retaining walls. See also: Contractor says Toronto`s tree protection rules are completely unfair to contractors You`d think that once you finally get permission to cut down that annoying tree, that would be the end of all the bureaucracy, wouldn`t it? Again, this is not true. The city will charge you to keep your property and surrounding area safe. The process of cutting down trees in Toronto is relatively simple. If you have questions about the care of your trees or if tree removal is necessary, consulting an arborist can help you clarify! If you are working with an arborist for tree removal, they will usually ask permission on your behalf and provide the city with the necessary reports. There are certainly many reasons why you may want to remove a tree. If the tree is dead, there is a very real danger that it will soon fall on your home or your neighbor`s, or perhaps both. The answer is yes, you need a tree cutting permit in Toronto. Important trees in the city and private property are protected by Chapter 813 of the Municipal Code. This is the Tree Protection Ordinance.

According to the regulation, you must obtain permission if you want to remove, injure or cut down a tree with a diameter of more than 30 cm (12 inches). The diameter of the tree should be taken 1.4 meters (4.5 feet) above the ground. This applies to trees on all plots, including single-family homes. Trees of all diameters on private property located in the City of Toronto`s ravine protection areas are protected under the provisions of Chapter 658 of the City of Toronto Municipal Code, Gullies. Homeowners are responsible for the maintenance of trees on their properties. 399 The West Mall, Ground Floor – North Block, M9C 2Y2 Fax: 416-94-5406 Email: tpprwest@toronto.ca Opening hours: 8:30 a.m. – 3:00 p.m., L-F Once the city has approved the permit, usually between 4 and 6 weeks, tree removal can be scheduled. When you apply for a tree felling permit, you must provide the following to complete the application. Incomplete applications will be rejected without processing. Depending on the nature of your request, additional information may be required.

If a tree falls in the middle of the forest and no one is there to see it, has it really fallen? What happens if he is shot in the middle of Etobicoke South? While there are undoubtedly a number of very philosophical answers to these questions, the consequences of cutting down a tree without permission are not up for debate. The rules state that if the trunk of the tree you want to remove from your property is more than 30 inches (or 12 inches of old silver) in diameter, the City of Toronto requires that you get permission to remove it, whether or not it is on your private property. Municipal forestry staff will review the application to ensure it is complete. You will be notified in writing if any of the required items are missing. An on-site visit will then be arranged to verify the details of your request. The visit helps determine if a Toronto tree cutting permit should be issued and/or if a public notification process is required. If necessary, the “Notice of Application” will be affixed to your property for destruction for a period of at least 14 days. The by-laws do not allow the municipal forest industry to consider comments received in response to publication during the review process.

If the application has been posted by Municipal Forestry, approval of landscaping and replanting plans is required. Comments received during the publication are also reviewed by City Council. If the request is denied, comments are available upon request. The DBH, the diameter of breast height, is the measure of the diameter of the tree trunk taken from the ground at 1.4 meters or 4.5 feet in height. This is the standard used by all cities in the Greater Toronto Area. Tree stump removal is usually a different process and is not included in the price of tree removal. You must have this service scheduled separately by your arborist. Learn more about stump removal in our guide to stump removal. Diameter at breast height, DBH, is a standard method for expressing the diameter of a tree. DBH refers to the width of the tree trunk, measured at 1.4 m above the ground (this is the standard method for Toronto, but the height at which to measure may vary from municipality to municipality). It is estimated that there are more than 10 million trees in Toronto, more than 4 million in our canyons, along boulevards and in parks, and 6 million in our yards.

Of course, you could get away with cutting down a tree without anyone knowing, or at least without anyone asking you whether or not you got a permit. But in my opinion, it`s just not worth the risk, given that the City of Toronto`s fines for illegal tree removal start at $500 and can be as high as $100,000. While the logging laws in Toronto and Etobicoke South may seem like a big deal, they are actually one of the best aspects of life here. You can calculate the diameter of a tree (DBH) by dividing its circumference value (C) by the number pi (∏ = 3.1416). DBH = C/∏. 150 Borough Avenue, M1P 4N7 Fax: 416-396-4248 Email: tppreast@toronto.ca Opening hours: 8:30 am – 3:00 pm, L-F If you hired an arborist for tree removal, approval costs are usually included in your quote for the job. Homeowners facing an emergency situation where a tree poses a risk to people and/or property should contact Urban Forestry at 311, whose supervisors can be notified 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Trees in parks: Approximately 3.5 million trees in Toronto grow in parks, canyons and other public green spaces, and urban forestry staff enforce and enforce regulations that prohibit and regulate activities on or near these areas that may affect trees. At this point, you`ve probably figured out that the City of Toronto really doesn`t want you to remove trees from your property. After putting so many obstacles in front of you, the city`s rules and regulations really beg the question: “Do you really want to remove your tree?” A permit is required to remove any tree larger than 15 cm in diameter, measured at breast height (DBH) Arborists give their recommendations on the best trees to plant in the room.

It depends on the size, location and species of trees. When the city removes a street tree, you can choose from a list of species Toronto uses to plant street trees. City arborists make recommendations based on location. If your tree is smaller than the specified DBH, you may be exempt from permission to remove a tree.

Scoring ™ has no legal significance, so it never needs to be used. Using the ® symbol is less easy. The symbol warns others that the trademark is registered and is considered user-owned or used for trademark infringement under one of the above exceptions. It is important to mark what you own. Trademark registration is a process of owning your own identity, whether it`s a company, a company name, logos, phrases, or slogans. Trademark funnel A trademark is infringed under U.S. trademark law when another person uses a device (a trademark) to create confusion about the source or sponsorship of the goods or services in question. Several parties may only use the same mark if the parties` products are not so similar as to confuse consumers. If a trademark is protected only by common law trademark rights, the same marks may be used if there is no geographic overlap in the use of the trademarks. Federally registered trademarks have a national geographic scope and are therefore protected throughout the United States. On these pages, you will find instructions on how to file a federal trademark application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

The Trademark Application Overview page provides a high-level summary of the guidance available in this section. On average, the processing and approval of a trademark application can take from several months to more than a year. In case of complications such as a review or changes to the original application, the process can take much longer. We cover them in more detail in our blog post on things every designer should know about intellectual property and trademark counterfeiting. Copyright protects creative works such as books, movies, music, works of art or computer programs. The copyrighted work must be a “tangible medium”, that is, consumers must be able to see, hear or use it. It cannot be an undocumented idea or an ordinary sequence of words. In contrast, a trademark is a unique phrase, word, symbol or design that represents a business or mark that offers goods or services. It is usually used in marketing materials or to label products. In the world of intellectual property, a logo or strong name is a logo or name that is undoubtedly unique to its creator. A trademark is a word, phrase, logo or combination that distinguishes the source of one product or service from another in the marketplace. Companies use trademarks on a daily basis to identify their products or services, but not all trademarks are protected by law in the same way.

In order to benefit from enhanced legal protection, trademarks must be “registered” with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This can help protect against unauthorized use of a trademark. Registration requires filing an application with the USPTO, payment of the correct filing fees, and passing a trademark examination by the USPTO examiner. At the end of this process, the USPTO issues a trademark registration certificate that confers additional rights on the trademark owner. Use of a trademark without the owner`s permission may result in a trademark infringement lawsuit. However, registering a trademark does not always protect all uses of a trademark. There are situations where even trademarks can be used without permission. As the trademark owner, you decide where the logo appears, how the logo is updated or changed, and which parties can license it for their own material. It`s good to know that the purpose of trademark registration of your company logo is to protect your trademark identity so that you can prevent other brands from creating trademarks similar to yours that might confuse your consumers. I will share this information with my sister, who is starting a children`s book business. When I call him later, I suggest that he protect his company`s interests by quickly contacting a reputable trademark lawyer. Thanks for that! For example, if you operate a website that highlights Disney`s business practices and mentions certain characters, and your site isn`t trying to sell anything, it may be protected from trademark infringement claims by the First Amendment (or nominative fair dealing).

For example, if the character appears on a T-shirt, that person is not trying to promote or be Bugs Bunny. Instead, they simply show that they like Bugs Bunny. Yes. To protect a company`s name, you must file an application on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office website. Similar to registering a logo mark, branding a business name can take several months, and companies are generally advised to seek professional assistance, such as a lawyer or legal department, to ensure that the process runs smoothly. There are three symbols that can be used with trademarks. The first is the “TM” symbol, which indicates that a trademark is claimed by the user. Copyright protects original creative works, including books, illustrations, photographs and music, according to Gerben Law. They prohibit persons other than the creator of a work from reproducing it in whole or in part without the permission of the creator. Trademarks and service marks protect logos and trade names that represent companies and their products or services, including the word or phrase that makes up a name and the visualization that makes up a logo. What if you`re not sure if your business will last? Hey, that`s a legitimate concern.

Maybe it`s just a side hustle and bustle for you and you`re not convinced you want to do it forever. Or it`s just a stopgap between full-time positions. Just as it doesn`t make sense to register a logo that will change in the near future, it`s probably not worth registering a logo for a business you`re not sure will last. The clearest example of trademark infringement is when you have a logo designed that you use for your business. Let`s say your business is a store that specializes in comfortable walking shoes. You have registered this logo as a trademark with the USPTO. Then another business in your community will start using the same logo to promote comfortable walking shoes for travel that look like the shoes you sell. In this situation, it`s easy to see where a real or potential customer would be confused by another company`s use of your logo. In this case, as the trademark owner, you can sue the other company for trademark infringement because it used your trademark without authorization in a way that could confuse consumers about the source of the goods or services, namely shoes. You must obtain permission to use a logo, unless it is used for editorial or informational purposes when used in written articles or as a comparative product statement.7 min read I am not a lawyer, but my understanding is that trademarks are more related to identity like trade names, keywords and logos.

What you`ll probably want to study is copyright and consider the final version of the logo as well. Will it be in color or black and white? While many logos are displayed in color on products or in marketing materials, registering a trademark in color means that the logo is only protected if it is displayed in those colors.

Now that you`ve narrowed down your best law firms, check out our virtual internship and webinar pages to see if they offer opportunities. If you already have experience with the company you are applying for, you can highlight your application. This year`s The Lawyer US Top 50 report not only revealed the largest US companies in the UK, but also includes advice on how best businesses can grow in London`s exceptionally competitive market. To be sure, this year`s ranking provides ample evidence that a number of US companies in the UK have at least […] For London clients, the leading law firms with the most comprehensive practices in the capital – measured by the number of rankings – are CMS, Clifford Chance and A&O. According to The Lawyer UK 200 2019, the following organisations form the top 50 UK law firms based on annual turnover. Welcome to the homepage of The Legal 500 United Kingdom – the UK`s leading guide for law firms and lawyers. More than six million users visit The Legal 500 website each year and this guide provides legal service providers with reliable and up-to-date information about businesses operating in the UK`s dynamic legal market. You should first ask yourself what you want from your legal career, and then look for companies that align with your goals. Consider the following factors when making your choice. A ranking in Chambers is a sign of quality not found anywhere else. They come after a year of intense hard work by the UK team, who conducted in-depth interviews with tens of thousands of customers. Law.com International has compiled rankings from 72 leading law firms operating in the UK, comparing their income per lawyer, pro bono work, gender partnership and ethnic diversity of lawyers. Getting to know leading companies and their websites is a crucial step in the application process.

It`s important to understand what they do and why they do it, as you need to mention it in your application and link it to your own experience. Employers prefer to know that you are not just looking for work, but that you have chosen it rather than the competition. That`s why we`ve compiled a list of the top 200 UK law firms based on revenue so you can see how relevant the company you`re looking for is and factor that into your application. Find out what`s available in your area to find examples of businesses. DLA Piper is once again the best-selling law firm in the UK, as evidenced by the 2020 financial ranking of the top 200 UK law firms. The business areas of these businesses include crime, family, property/real estate, wills and estates, employment, immigration, and assault, to name a few. Every law firm wants to be known for being profitable, diverse, and good for pro bono. But which companies are best at all these things together in the UK`s top rank? Legal industry? As a UK editor, I would appreciate your feedback and ideas on how we can bring rankings to life throughout the year and ensure they reflect an evolving UK legal market where diversity, value for money and the ability to make informed decisions are more important than ever. Large companies come in all shapes and sizes, from long-established organizations to individual practitioners, and act primarily on behalf of individuals.

A person on the street can literally come in and ask for help with a legal problem. Despite a strong increase in turnover, partner profit growth slowed in the UK`s top 50 companies due to inflated costs and an increased number of financial partners. The average change in business PEP could not match the previous year`s growth, when it increased by 18.7%, one of the largest increases on record. It was also lower than the average revenue increase of the 50 largest companies of 10.9%. Salaries are reasonable, but depend on location. A great advantage of domestic companies is that employees often enjoy a better work-life balance than their counterparts in urban companies. Through interviews like this, we are able to distinguish between the best and the very, very best, so the GCs are able to make the best choice when it counts. As a result, UK law firms will keep an eye on their eyes on October 20 when the new rankings are released. Several large law firms are currently hiring. It is possible for a law firm to perform well on the above measure with a significant number of rankings in the lower levels. A Chambers ranking is always a sign of quality, whether it`s Band 1 or Band 5 – and in fact, the tables we have with five or six bands are often the most competitive. Yet there is a natural instinct to want to watch the best of the best.

How does the image change if you only look at the rating of Volume 1? With so many law firms, it can be difficult to decide which one is right for you. Here, we break down firms by type, highlight the top 50 law firms in the UK, and provide advice on what to keep in mind when refining your options The 200 largest UK law firms are featured in The Lawyer`s UK 200 latest report. We could look at the law firms with the highest percentage of high-performing women, and we could congratulate Bindmans, Hodge Jones & Allen and Trowers & Hamlins for being leaders in this regard. Slaughter and May provides its predecessors with the UK`s most intensive technology support among the 100, according to exclusive data provided to The Lawyer, with nearly two-thirds of the largest companies reducing the ratio of royalty recipients to technology staff. This means that lawyers now have more technological support than ever before, as the increasing use of technology […] From this point of view, Eversheds takes the first place, overtaking their domestic rival by 13 places. The most interesting development at this level is the entry of embroidery. Scotland`s largest law firm has a total of “only” 49 ranked departments – due to the fact that the majority of its lawyers are based in Scotland – but 33 of them are in the top rank. This gives it one of the highest concentrations of elite departments in the guide. There are countless ways to divide data. We could look at the law firms that have grown the most in recent years, and we would find that some of the most impressive accomplishments have been provided by Shoosmiths and Osborne Clarke, as well as a whole host of U.S. firms such as Kirkland, Debevoise, Goodwin and White & Case.

The agreement should be drafted in such a way that claims for which the limitation period has already expired are not revived and it is ensured that the agreement expires only the limitation period. The agreement should not contain an admission of wrongdoing unless you have consented to it. The Florida Supreme Court ruled that as an equitable remedy, the harm suffered by the defendant must be considered before applying a fair toll. [16] The Court noted that the toll doctrine is used in the interests of justice to consider both the right of a defendant not to be called upon to defend an expired claim and the right of a plaintiff to assert a well-founded claim where equitable circumstances prevented the timely filing. The application of fair tolling emphasizes the plaintiff`s excusable ignorance of the limitation period and the defendant`s non-discrimination. [17] Fair tolling does not require deception or active misconduct on the part of the employer, but rather whether the claimant acted with reasonably prudent respect for his or her rights. [16] The creation of a toll contract gives both parties the opportunity to redefine the limits of the limitation period, by granting an extension of the time limit in exchange for an agreement not to proceed after a certain condition or date. With this certainty, both sides will be able to assess their positions more easily and conduct meaningful negotiations. Mississippi courts require toll plaintiffs to make serious efforts and will not fairly expire the statute of limitations based on allegations of excusable negligence or the plaintiff`s own acts or omissions. [21] Tolls may be levied on the basis of a law that expressly provides for the limitation period in certain circumstances. It can also take the form of a fair toll, where the court applies common law principles of fairness to extend the time limit for filing a document. [3] In Michigan, the applicant must exercise due diligence to rely on a fair toll.

If information is reasonably available to the plaintiff so that the correct defendant can be identified and served, the plaintiff cannot request the limitation period because he or she did not receive the necessary information in a timely manner. [20] The definition of a toll agreement is when a potential claimant and potential defendant enter into a formal agreement to extend the statutory limitation period for the claimant`s claim, usually so that the parties have more time to resolve their dispute without going to court. By definition, a toll contract takes into account the current or future possibility of making a claim. Typically, toll contracts themselves refer to current or future lawsuits that go to court. Maryland does not allow the equitable limitation period or extend the limitation period unless the legislature has created an exception to its application. [18] The Maryland courts have held that the limitation period reflects a statutory judgment as to what is considered a reasonable period of time during which a person should exercise ordinary diligence in bringing his or her action. [19] Therefore, if a party asks you to sign a toll agreement, notify your insurance company immediately, even if no claim has been filed. If you don`t report the situation, you can risk your coverage both for a specific claim and for all claims from your previous actions. It has been held that a fair toll applies in particular if the plaintiff is actively misled by the defendant as to the cause of action or is exceptionally prevented from asserting his rights. It is important to note that it has also been established that the fair toll doctrine does not require unlawful conduct on the part of the defendant, such as fraud or misrepresentation. [5] A toll agreement can also create a mutually beneficial situation by providing certainty as to when a claim can be filed. For a variety of reasons, the timing of a plaintiff`s right of action can be ambiguous, even taking into account the limitation period.

The toll agreement could be mistaken for a motorway toll bridge over which money is collected. But it also has a different definition in terms of rights and contract law. Here is the legal definition of toll contract. A toll contract is an agreement to waive the right to request that a dispute be dismissed due to the expiry of a limitation period. Their purpose is generally to give a party additional time to assess and determine the legality and enforceability of its claims and/or the amount of its damages, without the need for an action. During this period, the parties waive any objection by means of a limitation period that would otherwise occur during this period. While the statute of limitations can be good in most cases, it may be a good idea to suspend the rules due to an unforeseen event. A contract can be concluded with a so-called toll contract, which allows to suspend, delay or suspend the period that occurs automatically.

Although the FLSA requires employers to pay workers at least the federal minimum wage, state laws may differ. Indeed, many states have a minimum wage higher than the federal government`s $7.25 an hour. In addition, Alaska, California, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, Oregon and Washington do not allow employers of tipped employees to receive a tip loan. Several states currently allow tipping, but require a higher direct or cash minimum wage to be paid to employees. Other states may define an employee to tip or whether a tip credit can be taken differently than the FLSA. For these reasons, it is important that employers refer to the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) website and/or the state website where employees work for more information and appropriate tips on tip credit. The total amount of tips often exceeds the salary paid by the employer, but tips often fluctuate depending on the volume of customers and other factors. While employers are required to pay minimum wage to tipped employees, in most states they can include tips in their pay obligation (called “tip credits”). Several commentators, some of whom opposed the rule, stated that their concerns would be somewhat alleviated and that the department`s test would be strengthened if the department added more examples of tasks that fall into each of the definition categories. See for example Seyfarth, CWC, NWLC, Scott-Brief.

The Chamber of Commerce, for example, noted that if the ministry were to finalize the rule, it would have to expand and clarify the distinction between “tipping work and tilting support work.” Commentators stated that further clarification of the tasks that fit each definition category would reduce the likelihood of litigation on the issue and provide the clarity promised by the department in the proposed rule. The CWC asked the ministry to include regulatory language or specific examples in the final rule showing how employers could comply in a more practical way, which would not create a significant incentive to use tips. Seyfarth asked the ministry to provide clearer definitions and more precise examples of what tipping work is and is not, and what constitutes the proposed time-limited category of work that “directly supports” the work, noting that “without such objective guidance, any employer will indeed be forced to bet unreasonably. that the courts accept their interpretations and salary payments on the basis of this work. Employees must accurately record daily tips, whether in the form of cash or credit. A total amount must be made available to the employer each year. This reported amount is then used as the basis for income tax collection, social security payments, and other deductions. Restaurants should contact staff as needed to ensure this information is received. As noted above, while there is no limit to the use of tip credit for peak work, an employer can only use tip credit for direct support work as long as the work does not last “a long time.” When does the time required become “considerable”? As stated in the final rule, time becomes important when a tipped employee spends more than 20% of their time in a given work week or more than 30 consecutive minutes during a shift directly supporting the work. (a) In determining compliance with the requirements of the law for the payment of wages, in accordance with the provisions of section 3(m)(2)(A), the amount paid to an employee to be tipped by an employer shall be increased by reason of tips in an amount equal to the formula set out in the law (minimum wage pursuant to section 6(a)(1) of the Act minus cash wages paid (minimum $2.13)), provided that the employer complies with all the requirements of Article 3(m)(2)(A). These tips are in addition to any credits for food, lodging or other facilities authorized under section 3(m). As explained in more detail below, the Department is amending the definition of tipping work for “any work performed by a tipped employee providing services to customers for which the tipped employee receives tips.” The final rule also clarifies that the ministry intended to issue tips to cover all aspects of customer service for which the tipped employee receives tips.

In the example of the “waiting tables” proposal, the Department therefore intends to record each task that was logically included as part of this tipping work. This includes a server serving food and drinks, as well as filling glasses with water for their table, checking if a customer has food allergies, or cleaning up a spill on their customer`s table. However, the Department disagrees with RLC/NRA`s assertion that “[a]ll tasks in a full-service restaurant. Produce tips. An employee with tips must always perform work for which he or she “receives habitually and regularly. Advice. 29 U.S.C. 203 t); see Rafferty, 2021 WL 4189698 at *18 (“For the employer, to qualify for the tip credit, the employee`s job must traditionally and actually be one in which he or she earns constant tips.”). A waiter gets advice on waiting at customers` tables, not on cleaning the restaurant.

The Department believes that the clarifications to the definition of tipping work reflect the necessary connection between the tip employee`s work and customer service, which reflects the regular and regular work of that tipped employee. If you have employees who earn $30 or more in tips per month as part of their regular salary, read on as we cover important topics regarding tip credits, including: According to the interpretation of section 3(t) of section 531.56(f) of the Final Rule, an employee must perform the work of a inclined occupation in order to be “engaged” in a inclined occupation. and therefore to be a tipped employee for whom an employee may purchase a tip credit in accordance with section 3(m)(2)(A) of the RSA. The department rejects the RLC/NRA`s argument that the legal requirement is met as long as tipped employees receive sufficient direct cash wages and tips to meet the federal minimum wage. This circular logic does not recognize that an employer can only accept a tip loan if an employee is engaged in a tilted occupation, that is, if the employee actually performs work that is part of the inclined occupation. If you have any questions about the final rule, tip credits, or other pay and hour issues, please contact Jackson Lewis` attorney(s) with whom you work regularly. The Federal Department of Labor has excellent resources such as Fact Sheet No. 15 to learn more about the LSF`s tipping employee requirements. Under the RSA, an employer must pay workers a minimum hourly wage (currently $7.25).

Even under the RSA, tips left by customers are the property of the employee who receives them. For the purposes of the RSA Tip Credit Regulations, “tippers” are employees who receive regular and regular tips. Only tips actually received by the employee can be taken into account in determining whether the employee is a tipped employee and in applying the tip credit. In such cases, the employee is considered a tipping occupation. However, employers are not allowed to use tip credit if the tipped employee spends more than 20% of their time on related tasks that do not generate tips. Tip credits can only be applied to a tipped employee – defined as an employee who earns at least $30 per month in tips on a regular basis – and can only be applied to work hours that produce tips or directly support peak work, as long as the direct support work is not performed for a significant period of time. A significant amount of time is defined as more than 20% of the hours worked during the employee`s work week for which the employer has taken a tip credit or a continuous period of more than 30 minutes. As explained above, the Department received a number of comments on the definition of lace production work, arguing that it did not provide sufficient clarity on the types of lace production work included in the listed occupations, as well as other non-listed occupations, and that it was not clear which tasks were included in the lace production work examples listed in the NPRM. Several commentators representing employers stated that the proposed rule`s references to the types of work that produce tips, such as the reference to “waiting tables” as an example of a waiter tipping, were vague and, in a final rule, asked the Ministry to establish specific examples of tasks included in these broad categories of work. For example, several commenters noted that the example of the proposal for a server`s peak work, waiting tables, was not clear enough. See, for example, Littler (“For example, the proposed rule states that `waiting tables` produce tips through a server, but nowhere is it explained what is covered by `waiting tables`); AHLA (“Categorization of DOL. servers with a single obligation of “waiting tables”.

comes without reference or explanation”). For example, WPI found that the tasks that logically belong to table service include going to the kitchen or bar to pick up prepared food and beverages and deliver these items to customers; filling and filling of beverage glasses; Handle client spills or objects falling on the floor next to clients` tables; processing credit card and cash payments; and remove plates, glasses, cutlery or other items from the table during food service.

The following law firms, lawyers, legal advisors and lawyers are also located in the immediate vicinity of Thomas Legal Group: The following services are made available to users www.solicitors-barristers.co.uk website and are in no way affiliated with Thomas Legal Group. You may change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us or by contacting us at info@thomas.legal. We treat your data with respect. For more information about our privacy practices, please visit our website. By clicking below, you agree that we may process your data in accordance with these terms. Jessica joined Thomas Legal in 2017 as a legal assistant after completing her law degree at the University of the West of England. Jessica was soon promoted to paralegal, where she was able to become familiar with a range of residential property issues in the Cotswolds and London while completing the legal practice course on a part-time basis. The Solicitors Regulation Authority regulates lawyers and law firms in England and Wales and sets out the principles and code of conduct to which members must adhere in order to provide legal services to their clients. The SRA also ensures that its members are insured and qualified to provide legal services. Working with JustAnswer, our lawyers are online to answer all your legal questions, at a fraction of the cost of seeking legal advice through your local law firm. You can even name your price! Thomas Legal Group is a law firm based in Gloucester, Gloucestershire. To contact Thomas Legal Group offices, please call their office phone number 01452 657 950. The address is: Abigail joined Thomas Legal in 2015 after completing a first-class law degree from Swansea University and a very competent grade in the Bar Professional Training Course at Cardiff University.

After working for two years as an administrative assistant and paralegal with the firm and gaining experience in residential real estate, Abigail decided to convert her BPTC into a legal practice course. She completed this part-time work at Bristol University of Law while continuing to work as a paralegal and received an award in 2019. After successfully completing her training contract with Thomas Legal, Abigail graduated as a lawyer in March 2021. Emily joined Thomas Legal in 2016, shortly after completing a first-class Honours Bachelor of Laws at the University of Gloucestershire, and was quickly promoted to paralegal. In this role, she gained experience in various residential real estate matters. Jessica joined Thomas Legal in 2014 after earning a 2-1 law degree from Oxford Brookes University. She completed her legal practice course at the University of Law part-time while working as a paralegal with the firm to gain experience and received an award. Will graduated from the University of Sheffield with a degree in genetics before embarking on a career in the legal profession. Prior to joining Thomas Legal, Will spent 8 years working for a leading global law firm with operational and budgetary responsibility for a range of multi-million pound national firms.

Will joined Thomas Legal in 2018 and, as Managing Director, is responsible for all aspects of the efficient and effective delivery of our residential real estate services. LawDepot can help you easily create your own legal documents and DIY templates, saving you time and money. 100% quality guarantee. Get complete peace of mind by getting legal advice from real lawyers, lawyers, and experts who can help you resolve issues before they become costly ones. If you are an official representative of Thomas Legal Group and would like to update your areas of legal expertise for the benefit of your clients, you can change your contact details so that they know which areas of law your firm specialises in and how to contact your Gloucester office. Rebecca holds a law degree from the University of Liverpool. Rebecca then completed the legal practice course with honors at Manchester University of Law, combining her studies with a position as a paralegal at a top 50 law firm. Laura joined Thomas Legal in 2015 after graduating with a law degree from the University of Gloucestershire earlier this year. After just over a year as an administrative assistant at Thomas Legal, Laura decided to take the legal practice course. She did so part-time at the University of the West of England in Bristol, while continuing to work as an administrative assistant and eventually as a paralegal. In 2018, she successfully completed the Legal Practice Course. Laura started her apprenticeship contract with Thomas Legal in September 2019 and graduated as a lawyer in March 2021.

Rebecca returned to the Cotswolds and joined the firm as a paralegal in late 2013 and was quickly secured an apprenticeship contract with the firm. After secondments in litigation and corporate law, Rebecca graduated as a lawyer in March 2018. We offer our visitors savings of hundreds of pounds in legal fees by creating your own will from the comfort of your own home. Please contact a partner or employee of Thomas Legal Group Solicitors to find out how they can represent you in your legal matter or any aspect of the law that the lawyer may cover. Find more lawyers in Gloucester. Browse some of the legal documents you can download and complete yourself: Chrissie graduated as a lawyer in 2011 and leads one of our residential real estate teams. She worked at law firms in Worcestershire and the West Midlands before joining Thomas Legal in 2013. Save hundreds of pounds on legal documents by creating them yourself. In 2020, Emily was named Paralegal of the Year at the National Paralegal Awards. Hoowla`s Ownership Transfer Quote Calculator is customizable and tailored to Thomas Legal`s needs. Let us provide you with a competitive quote for a prepaid funeral plan.

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Another characterization of the type of consistency to be sought in legal reasoning can be found in Ronald Dworkin`s book. Many authors consider Dworkin`s presentation of integrity in jurisprudence as an example of a consistency calculation. (See Hurley 1989 & 1990; Marmor 1992 & 2005. Kress 1984, although he wrote before Dworkin fully developed his account of law as integrity, Dworkin also considers it a coherent account of case law. Raz 1994 refutes the idea that Dworkin`s representation of law should be understood as an account of consistency.) From this perspective, judges should seek to recognize the value of consistency in judicial decisions by interpreting the law as “speaking with one voice,” that is, they should identify legal rights and obligations on the basis that they were all created by a single author, the community personified. (3) Further to point 2, does the requirement of judges` fidelity to an original play a role in limiting the interpretation of the law and are there additional constraints that complement those arising from the need to be faithful to an original that guides judges in the interpretation of the law? For example, for Owen Fiss (1982), “disciplinary rules” in the form of norms constituting the profession of judgment provide restrictions on judicial interpretation that complement the linguistic rules that already restrict all language users in their attempts to understand texts. Thus, according to Fiss, judges are constrained both by the need to be faithful to the original text of the law they are interpreting and by additional standards of interpretation that are constitutive of the judicial role (Fiss cites the requirement that judges always consult history when interpreting the law as an example of a “rule of discipline”). Fiss`s view is criticized by Stanley Fish (1989), who argues that Fiss`s “disciplinary rules” themselves require interpretation so that judges know what they mean and what they require of them, and therefore cannot impose restrictions on judicial interpretation. Fish`s assertion that all potential candidates who might limit interpretation are themselves susceptible to interpretation in different ways leads to the assertion that the original texts or judges cannot restrict at all in the commonly accepted way, since texts have no meaning before certain interpretations of them. However, this seemingly radical indeterminacy is misleading, because although Fish removes the constraints of interpretation from legal texts or complementary norms of the judiciary, he replaces them with the conditioning and formation processes of “interpretive communities” that ensure that ” Readers already and always think within the norms, standards, criteria of proof, aims and objectives of a common undertaking”, so that “the meanings available to them have been pre-selected by their professional training”.

(Fisch, 1989, p. 133). The following issues are beyond the scope of this chapter: (i) periodic events, (ii) processing time related to legislation, and (iii) non-monotonous temporal thinking. The subject of legal reasoning seems to occupy the most practical end of the spectrum of jurisprudential theorization. If something is relevant to our attempts to understand the law, then it is certainly important to know how judges decide or should decide cases, and that we have a report that adequately explains their activities and that can perhaps be used to guide or justify them. The recent history of legal philosophy is rich in many different attempts to address these and other issues that have been considered to fall within the realm of legal argumentation. Theories of legal thought are primarily normative theories. “Argumentation” here refers to the actual discourses used to advance arguments, including arguments embodied explicitly or implicitly in those discourses, non-rational means of persuasion, and strategy, tactics, and styles of argumentation. Reasoning can be studied from a wide range of empirical, interpretive, and critical perspectives that apply to social discourse in general, including rhetoric, conversational analysis, semantics, and semiotics. See ethnomethodology: general; logic and linguistics; Rhetoric. There is little sustained research on the actual discursive practices of legal acts and, as in the normative literature, most studies have focused on reasoning in case law and advocacy. This article contains various temporal aspects that are common in legal texts.

We find names for events that occur at a certain time (e.g., “range”), objects that have a certain lifespan (e.g., “offer,” “withdrawal”), properties that change over time (e.g., “an offer is effective”), and temporal relationships (e.g., “before or simultaneously”). The frequentist school of thought holds that probability can only express something about the real world in the context of a reproducible experience. The frequency of a particular observation converges as more observations are collected. This limit is then called probability. This interpretation is too restrictive for many applications; For example, the probability that a suspect is guilty (as often required in legal justification), or the probability that it will rain tomorrow, is not frequent, because there are no reproducible experiments involved. After a brief discussion of the term “legal reasoning,” the entry deals first with interpretation and then with consistency, discussing the different views on these terms and their legal relevance. Throughout the discussion, the discussion focuses on the role that interpretation and consistency play in legal reasoning, and why these concepts are considered by some to be characteristic of the argument about law. (7) Can the interpretation of the grounds of law lead judges to the “only correct answer” with respect to this point of law? Finnis 1987, for example, denies that it is possible for the interpretation of reasons to lead judges to a correct answer within the meaning of the 1986 Dworkin decision, because the criteria by which we are called upon to judge that one interpretation is better than another have pervasive incommensurability. Finnis, unlike Dworkin, argues that if we should seek good answers and avoid wrong ones, we should not have the illusion of dreaming of only correct answers to questions of legal interpretation, because this commits us to “the deepest and most erroneous assumption of utilitarianism: the hypothesis of the comparability of fundamental goods and therefore of the states that establish them.” (Finnis 1987, p.

DELAWARE FAMILY COURT Notices to defendants in family court proceedings are now available on the Family Court Legal Notices website. Family court orders can be made directly under htt. Recover. Legal Notice Call for tenders (IFB) Call for tenders for the replacement of fire alarm panels No.: B22016 Wilmington Housing Authority (WHA) receives sealed bids for the replacement of the fire control panel according to IFB # specification B22016 Offers will be accepted online until 12:00 noon on Monday, October 31, 2022. The bids will be publicly available and read aloud at the central office of AMS 400 N. Walnut Street Wilmington Delaware 19801. A pre-bid conference will be held on October 13, 2022 at 11:00 a.m. Each tender must be accompanied by a guarantee of the tenderer duly executed by the tenderers as contracting authority, which has been approved as a guarantee company in accordance with the registration circular in T 570 up to 10% of the tender. IFB documents will be available online at whadelaware.bonfirehub.com/portal/?tab=openOpportunities no later than October 10, 2022. You need to register your business on the website to access the prompt. There is no charge if your business receives electronic tendering and electronic response features only for the Wilmington Housing Authority. This will allow your business to receive our promotional email notifications in the future. If you have any questions about our Internet marketplace, please contact Customer Service at 1 (800) 354 8010.

Questions regarding this request may be directed to kmsmith@whadelaware.org or (302) 429-6701 ext. 1084. The AMS encourages the participation of the MBE/WBE/DBE and Section 3 trading enterprises. 10/5, 10/12-NJ DNREC Wetlands and Waterways Section John E. Girouard and Colleen M. Girouard Underwater Lease Installation of a 6 x 32 foot wharf, a 6 x 8 foot dock, a boat lift with four (4) associated piles and two (2) 5 x 11 foot kayak docks at Cedar Pond, adjacent to Little Bay, 34978 Hassell Avenue, Bethany Beach, Sussex County, Delaware. These above documents/requests may be viewed by contacting Catherine Bronson Wetlands and Waterways Section 89 Kings Hwy, Dover, DE 19901 (302) 739-9943 Catherine.Bronson@delaware.gov If you have any comments, please email them or return this memorandum to this office by November 1, 2022. A public hearing on the above applications will NOT be held unless the Secretary of the DNREC determines that a public hearing is in the public interest or if a written objection with reasons to the application is received within 20 days of such notification. Please indicate in your letter whether you intend to request a public hearing or if you are merely commenting on the Department`s review.

If a public hearing is desired, please note that a request for a public hearing is considered justified if it is familiar with the request and contains a reasoned explanation of the likely impact of the measure. NJ-10/12/22 DNREC-REMEDIATION SECTION (DNREC-RS) LEGAL OPINION STATEMENT OF REASONS FOR CORRECTIVE ACTION AT THE DUPONT EXPERIMENTAL STATION The Remediation Section (SR) of the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) has issued a Basic Statement (SB) for corrective actions at the DuPont Experimental Station facility in Wilmington, Delaware. This document summarizes DNREC`s proposed recommendations for the installation of the DuPont Experimental Station, located at 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, Delaware. The documentation showed that the units currently approved for the storage and treatment of hazardous waste meet the performance standards for closure. The DNREC proposes to pursue corrective actions in the form of an environmental agreement under the Uniform Environmental Commitments Act (CEU) at the Areas of Concern (AOC) sites at this facility. Details of the basic statement are available on the Internet at: de.gov/dnrecnotices persons wishing to comment on the basic statement are invited to comment in writing. Written comments must be received by the close of business on November 28, 2022. For more information, please contact Wendy March, Project Manager, at (302) 739-9403 or by email at RS_Public_Comments@delaware.gov Any written comments received before the expiry of the forty-five (45) day comment period will be considered in making the final decision.

Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power is in the hands of a single individual. Personalist dictatorships differ from other forms of dictatorships in their access to key political positions, other fruits of office and depend much more on the discretion of the personalist dictator. Personalist dictators can be members of the military or leaders of a political party. But neither the army nor the party exercises power independently of the dictator. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps usually consists of close friends or family members of the dictator. These individuals are usually all handpicked by the dictator to fill their positions. [10] [14] The system survived Nazism by far, but was ultimately too oppressive to survive in a world with better options. People risked everything to escape. The Checkpoint Charlie Museum, also in Berlin, is a sanctuary for those who fled from east to west – jumped over the wall, with a balloon, dug under its pedestal with a homemade submarine – and for those, a total of 139, who died in the attempt. In the first half of the 20th century, right-wing dictatorships emerged in a large number of European countries at the same time as communism, distinct from the dictatorships of Latin America and the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Examples of right-wing dictatorships include: The society depicted in the exhibitions is not hell on earth.

Dark and monotonous perhaps. But the GDR was the model child of communist success. It had the highest standard of living in the Eastern Bloc and impressive technological achievements. Thanks to the skill of the steroid-saturated Olympic athletes, East Germany could boast an international prestige that rivaled that of the Soviets themselves in the sporting world. During the Cold War, several overthrows of socialist governments in South America were funded and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. However, the US had already attempted to suppress communists through the “national security doctrine” that the US instituted in the 1950s to indoctrinate soldiers from the countries it led to counter the so-called “communist threat.” Monarchical dictatorships are in regimes where “a person of royal descent has inherited the position of head of state in accordance with recognized practice or constitution.” Regimes are not considered dictatorships if the role of the monarch is largely ceremonial, but absolute monarchies such as Saudi Arabia can be considered hereditary dictatorships. To be considered a dictatorship, political power must have been promised to the people, but in reality it is exercised by the monarch for regimes, but since the power of government has never been promised to the people, it is not a dictatorship, but an authoritarian government. The elites of monarchies are usually members of the royal family. [10] However, one of the most recent classifications of dictatorships does not identify totalitarianism as a form of dictatorship. Barbara Geddes` study focuses on how relations between elites and elites influence authoritarian politics. Their typology identifies the key institutions that structure elite politics in dictatorships (i.e.

parties and the military). The study is based on and directly related to factors such as simplicity of categorizations, cross-border applicability, focus on elites and leaders, and the inclusion of institutions (party and military) at the heart of policymaking. According to them, a dictatorial government can be divided into five typologies: military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, monarchies and hybrid dictatorships. [10] This happened in the 21st century. The regimes in Russia and China have developed more subtle methods to control political discourse and prevent the emergence of strong opposition. There is no big idea behind this new system. The official ideology, like the other most despicable features of the Soviet regime, was effectively abandoned. Instead, leaders cite the need for stability, the overall goal of prosperity, and the aspirations of the great powers to justify their updated version of autocracy. On November 24, 1948, Venezuelan forces seized power on the basis of a coup and overthrew the government of Rómulo Gallegos, a center-left president. Subsequently, a council of 3 generals was organized, one of them was Marcos Pérez Jiménez, who later became dictator of Venezuela. The dictatorship repressed Democratic Action and the Communist Party of Venezuela, both left-wing. Pedro Estrada headed the DSN, a Venezuelan military organization that cracked down on opponents and protesters.

Among the cases of crimes against humanity is the death of Democratic Action politician Antonio Pinto Salinas, who was murdered while trying to flee Venezuela. In 1958, an attempt was organized to overthrow Pérez Jiménez in the face of political pressure to get rid of many of his allies, such as Pedro Estrada. In the same year, a movement of civilians and military joined forces to force Marcos Pérez Jiménez and his most loyal ministers to leave the country. The dictatorship ended, when Marcos Pérez Jiménez was banished from the country, civilians celebrated in the streets, political prisoners were released and exiles returned to the country, Venezuelans re-elected Rómulo Betancourt, who had been president years ago. However, he continued to use the political and economic system of the Jimenez dictatorship. Although many Latin American dictatorships came from the political right, the Soviet Union also supported the socialist states of Latin America. Cuba under Fidel Castro was an excellent example of such a state. Castro`s government was installed after the Cuban Revolution, which overthrew the government of dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959, making it the first socialist state in the Western Hemisphere.

In 2008, Castro left power and was replaced by his brother Raúl. One of the tasks of political science is to measure and classify regimes as dictatorships or democracies. U.S. Freedom House, Polity IV, and Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most commonly used datasets by political scientists. [23] The DDR Museum in Berlin is dedicated to Germany`s communist experience with a series of exhibitions that convey a sense of everyday life in the German Democratic Republic. Because these dictators prioritize loyalty over competence and, in general, distrust of the intelligentsia, members of the victorious coalition often lack professional political careers and are often ill-equipped to perform the duties assigned to them. Without the dictator`s blessing, they would never have reached a position of power. Once ousted, the chances are slim that they will maintain their position. The dictator knows this and therefore uses such divide-and-rule tactics to prevent his inner circle from coordinating actions (such as coups) against them. The result is that such regimes have no internal control and are therefore free to repress their population, radically change their foreign policy, or even start wars (with other countries). [15] After the collapse of Spanish colonial rule, various dictators came to power in many liberated countries.

These caudillos, or self-proclaimed politico-military leaders, who often led a private army, attacked weak national governments as soon as they controlled the political and economic powers of a region, with examples like Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina. Such dictatorships were also called “personalismos”. Where the Soviet system was rigid, today`s autocrats are flexible and pragmatic. Where the older generation of communists was bureaucratic and slow, today`s dictators are dynamic, resourceful and hardworking. They are particularly diligent in targeting and neutralizing potential opposition centers. And they are fiercely determined to avoid the mistakes of Mikhail Gorbachev when he allowed liberal ideas to infect and destroy the system. With the beginning of the 19th and 20th centuries, dictatorships and constitutional democracies became the world`s two main forms of government, gradually eliminating monarchies with significant political power, the most common form of government in the pre-industrial era. Typically, in a dictatorial regime, the ruler of the country is identified with the title of dictator; Although their formal title might be more similar to Führer.

A common aspect that characterized the dictatorship was the exploitation of its strong personality, usually by suppressing the freedom of thought and expression of the masses, in order to maintain complete political and social domination and stability.